JSCE Cultural and Creative Arts 2022 Objective Past Questions

All 100 questions from the Junior Secondary Certificate Examination (JSCE) Cultural and Creative Arts 2022 Objective paper, with the correct answer and a full explanation for each. Free, no signup needed.

Cultural and Creative Arts 2022 Objective — Question 1

Vibrations that can be heard, can be classified as .....

• A. noise
• B. music
• C. tone
• D. soundCorrect

Explanation

Audible vibrations are sound.

Cultural and Creative Arts 2022 Objective — Question 2

..... song is used to put a child to sleep.

• A. Rhythms
• B. Folksong
• C. LullabyCorrect
• D. Chants

Explanation

A lullaby.

Cultural and Creative Arts 2022 Objective — Question 3

Identify the rest with 2 beats

• A. A (see diagram)
• B. B (see diagram)
• C. C (see diagram)
• D. D (see diagram)Correct

Explanation

A minim rest (a block sitting on the middle line) lasts 2 beats; the block hanging below the line is a semibreve rest (4 beats).

Cultural and Creative Arts 2022 Objective — Question 4

Which of these rests has a longer duration?

• A. A (see diagram)
• B. B (see diagram)
• C. C (see diagram)Correct
• D. D (see diagram)

Explanation

The semibreve rest (block hanging from the line) is the longest.

Cultural and Creative Arts 2022 Objective — Question 5

Compare the rests to their musical notes.

• A. Minim, Crotchet, Quaver, Semiquaver
• B. Semiquaver, Minim, Crotchet, Quaver
• C. Crotchet, Semiquaver, Quaver, MinimCorrect
• D. Quaver, Minim, Semiquaver, Crotchet

Explanation

Only option C ends with the minim rest (block on the line).

Cultural and Creative Arts 2022 Objective — Question 6

Two crotchets (shown) is the same as ......

• A. A (see diagram)Correct
• B. B (see diagram)
• C. C (see diagram)
• D. D (see diagram)

Explanation

Two crotchets (1 + 1) = one minim (2 beats).

Cultural and Creative Arts 2022 Objective — Question 7

Arrange in ascending order:

• A. A (see diagram)Correct
• B. B (see diagram)
• C. C (see diagram)
• D. D (see diagram)

Explanation

From the shortest to the longest: semiquaver, quaver, crotchet, minim, semibreve.

Cultural and Creative Arts 2022 Objective — Question 8

Who sings the melody lines in a choir?

• A. Tenor
• B. Bass
• C. SopranoCorrect
• D. Alto

Explanation

Soprano carries the melody.

Cultural and Creative Arts 2022 Objective — Question 9

To restore a note already flattened you will need a .......

• A. A (see diagram)
• B. B (see diagram)
• C. C (see diagram)
• D. D (see diagram)Correct

Explanation

A natural sign cancels a flat.

Cultural and Creative Arts 2022 Objective — Question 10

3/4 means ......

• A. three crotchet beat in a barCorrect
• B. four minim beats in a bar
• C. three minim beats in a bar
• D. four crotchet beat in a bar

Explanation

Top 3 = beats per bar; bottom 4 = crotchet.

Cultural and Creative Arts 2022 Objective — Question 11

ABA is a ...... form.

• A. binary
• B. sonate
• C. rondo
• D. ternaryCorrect

Explanation

Three sections A-B-A: ternary.

Cultural and Creative Arts 2022 Objective — Question 12

Notes of a triad played together is .....

• A. chromatic
• B. melodic
• C. interval
• D. harmonicCorrect

Explanation

Notes sounded together are harmonic.

Cultural and Creative Arts 2022 Objective — Question 13

A triad consists of ..... notes.

• A. threeCorrect
• B. five
• C. four
• D. six

Explanation

Tri = three.

Cultural and Creative Arts 2022 Objective — Question 14

State the attributes of primary colours.

• A. It is the highest of all colours
• B. Other colours are derived from primary coloursCorrect
• C. The colour serve as the source of many colours
• D. The colours are original

Explanation

Other colours are derived from the primary colours.

Cultural and Creative Arts 2022 Objective — Question 15

In dramatic art, a rehearsal is also regarded as .....

• A. practiceCorrect
• B. drama
• C. repetition
• D. play

Explanation

A rehearsal is practice.

Cultural and Creative Arts 2022 Objective — Question 16

Which of these is a group of people involved in drama?

• A. Captain
• B. Sculptors
• C. Politician
• D. CrewCorrect

Explanation

A crew.

Cultural and Creative Arts 2022 Objective — Question 17

Esie in Kwara State is important in traditional art with the production of .....

• A. clay work
• B. leather
• C. stone carvingCorrect
• D. bronze work

Explanation

Esie is famous for soapstone carvings.

Cultural and Creative Arts 2022 Objective — Question 18

The practice of Court Art in Nigeria belongs to ......

• A. Ife Art
• B. Benin ArtCorrect
• C. Igbo-Ukwu
• D. Osogbo Art

Explanation

Benin court art.

Cultural and Creative Arts 2022 Objective — Question 19

A common traditional cosmetic for the hand and leg in Nigeria is regarded as .....

• A. lalli (hena)Correct
• B. ulili
• C. crayon
• D. back of treyers

Explanation

Lalle (henna).

Cultural and Creative Arts 2022 Objective — Question 20

Adamu Orisa masquerade respectful belongs to ...... .

• A. Ogun and Kano
• B. Oyo and Ilorin
• C. Sokoto
• D. LagosCorrect

Explanation

The Adamu Orisa play belongs to Lagos (Lagos Island).

Cultural and Creative Arts 2022 Objective — Question 21

Human head, shoulder and chest in sculpture is being referred to as .....

• A. form
• B. chest
• C. bustCorrect
• D. body part

Explanation

A bust.

Cultural and Creative Arts 2022 Objective — Question 22

Stitches are less needed in one of these crafts.

• A. Mat weaving
• B. Leather work
• C. Embroidery
• D. PotteryCorrect

Explanation

Pottery is moulded, so it needs no stitches.

Cultural and Creative Arts 2022 Objective — Question 23

The central character in a novel is also known as ......

• A. heroCorrect
• B. clown
• C. warrior
• D. flat character

Explanation

The hero (protagonist).

Cultural and Creative Arts 2022 Objective — Question 24

The clef signs is used to ......

• A. sign
• B. create dynamics
• C. identify lines and spacesCorrect
• D. create staff

Explanation

A clef identifies the lines and spaces (pitch).

Cultural and Creative Arts 2022 Objective — Question 25

Xylophone, snare drum, bembe and tambourine belongs to ...... family.

• A. percussionCorrect
• B. idiophone
• C. wooding
• D. membranophone

Explanation

They are all percussion instruments.

Cultural and Creative Arts 2022 Objective — Question 26

The black keys on the piano are also known as ..... notes

• A. harmonic
• B. melodic
• C. enharmonic
• D. accidentalsCorrect

Explanation

Accidentals.

Cultural and Creative Arts 2022 Objective — Question 27

The sign (shown) means .......

• A. bar
• B. repeatCorrect
• C. stop
• D. pause

Explanation

Repeat sign.

Cultural and Creative Arts 2022 Objective — Question 28

Poco poco means ......

• A. suddenly
• B. very loud
• C. little by littleCorrect
• D. very soft

Explanation

Poco a poco = little by little.

Cultural and Creative Arts 2022 Objective — Question 29

In solfa notation G is soh in C major and is doh in ..... major.

• A. C
• B. A
• C. GCorrect
• D. I

Explanation

Doh of G major is G.

Cultural and Creative Arts 2022 Objective — Question 30

Authentic cadence can also be called .....

• A. plagal
• B. perfectCorrect
• C. finished
• D. unfinished

Explanation

Perfect cadence.

Cultural and Creative Arts 2022 Objective — Question 31

The chord progression that ends a section of a piece of music is called .....

• A. double bar line
• B. cadenceCorrect
• C. bar line
• D. fermata

Explanation

A cadence.

Cultural and Creative Arts 2022 Objective — Question 32

Traditional mask from most tribe in West Africa are carved from .....

• A. stone
• B. woodCorrect
• C. clay
• D. paper pulp

Explanation

Wood.

Cultural and Creative Arts 2022 Objective — Question 33

Figure carved on a flat surface is known as ......

• A. plain carving
• B. surface carving
• C. relief carvingCorrect
• D. abstract carving

Explanation

Relief carving.

Cultural and Creative Arts 2022 Objective — Question 34

The Igbo-Ukwu Art comprises mainly of .....

• A. ivory carving
• B. bronze itemsCorrect
• C. stone carving
• D. wood carving

Explanation

Igbo-Ukwu is known for bronze castings.

Cultural and Creative Arts 2022 Objective — Question 35

Respect for one another can be promoted through ......

• A. associate with othersCorrect
• B. ignoring others views
• C. discouraging new talents
• D. rejecting new ideas

Explanation

Associating with others.

Cultural and Creative Arts 2022 Objective — Question 36

A safety and healthy culture helps people to live in ...... with one another in the society.

• A. fear and hatred
• B. peace and harmonyCorrect
• C. conflict and uncertainty
• D. suspicious and intolerance

Explanation

Peace and harmony.

Cultural and Creative Arts 2022 Objective — Question 37

An erected instrument for weaving in textile design is ....

• A. rod
• B. pillar
• C. loomCorrect
• D. spinde

Explanation

A loom.

Cultural and Creative Arts 2022 Objective — Question 38

Mass production of design is made possible through .....

• A. film making
• B. print makingCorrect
• C. picture making
• D. paint making

Explanation

Print making.

Cultural and Creative Arts 2022 Objective — Question 39

Colours that cannot be achieved by mixing any other colour together are regarded as ...... colours.

• A. secondary
• B. tertiary
• C. primaryCorrect
• D. natural

Explanation

Primary colours.

Cultural and Creative Arts 2022 Objective — Question 40

Mural painting is an art form found basically on .....

• A. wallsCorrect
• B. human body
• C. mask
• D. doors

Explanation

Walls.

Cultural and Creative Arts 2022 Objective — Question 41

Which of the following terms is associated with perspective?

• A. Distance and near level
• B. Linear and aerialCorrect
• C. External and internal
• D. Long and short

Explanation

Linear and aerial perspective.

Cultural and Creative Arts 2022 Objective — Question 42

One of the following is associated with advertising.

• A. Sculpture
• B. Ceramics
• C. Textile
• D. GraphicsCorrect

Explanation

Graphics.

Cultural and Creative Arts 2022 Objective — Question 43

Describe complimentary colours with reference to the colour wheel.

• A. Two colours appearing directly opposite each other on the colour wheel.Correct
• B. Two colours closely related on the colour circle.
• C. Two colours mixed on the colour wheel.
• D. Tow colours that maintain the same distance on the colour wheel.

Explanation

Complementary colours face each other on the wheel.

Cultural and Creative Arts 2022 Objective — Question 44

The Nigerian art culture known for triangular shaped eyes and open mouth is ..... art.

• A. Esie
• B. Benin
• C. Ife
• D. NokCorrect

Explanation

Nok terracottas.

Cultural and Creative Arts 2022 Objective — Question 45

An artwork carved in the round is ......

• A. two-dimensional
• B. three-dimensionalCorrect
• C. four-dimensional
• D. five-dimensional

Explanation

Three-dimensional.

Cultural and Creative Arts 2022 Objective — Question 46

..... is commonly used for moulding.

• A. Starch
• B. Wax
• C. ClayCorrect
• D. Pappen

Explanation

Clay.

Cultural and Creative Arts 2022 Objective — Question 47

The FESTAC symbol as a traditional logo was carved out of .....

• A. wood
• B. bronze
• C. metal
• D. ivoryCorrect

Explanation

The FESTAC mask is the ivory Queen Idia mask.

Cultural and Creative Arts 2022 Objective — Question 48

The original FESTAC mask symbol is housed in .....

• A. New York
• B. Lagos Museum
• C. British MuseumCorrect
• D. Abuja

Explanation

The British Museum.

Cultural and Creative Arts 2022 Objective — Question 49

The basic method of moulding pot and utensils and firing of them is regarded as .....

• A. clay work
• B. potteryCorrect
• C. paper mache
• D. ceramics

Explanation

Pottery.

Cultural and Creative Arts 2022 Objective — Question 50

..... and ..... are the chemicals used along with dye stuff in the tie-dye process.

• A. Sulphur and chlorine
• B. Dylon and sulphite
• C. Caustic soda and hydro-sulphiteCorrect
• D. Hydro-sulphite and sulphur

Explanation

Caustic soda and hydrosulphite.

Cultural and Creative Arts 2022 Objective — Question 51

One of the dye resistance methods of using was to effect a design on fabric is regarded as .....

• A. adire
• B. embroidery
• C. batikCorrect
• D. tie-dye

Explanation

Batik uses wax resist.

Cultural and Creative Arts 2022 Objective — Question 52

Design done in different tones of a colour is referred to as .....

• A. collage
• B. monochromeCorrect
• C. polychrome
• D. diachrome

Explanation

Monochrome.

Cultural and Creative Arts 2022 Objective — Question 53

The person that plans and arranges dance steps is known as .....

• A. arranger
• B. choreographerCorrect
• C. dancer
• D. planner

Explanation

A choreographer.

Cultural and Creative Arts 2022 Objective — Question 54

A common Yoruba dance is ..... dance.

• A. Atilogwu
• B. BataCorrect
• C. Koroso
• D. Ogene

Explanation

Bata.

Cultural and Creative Arts 2022 Objective — Question 55

One of the following is NOT a good example of basic stitches used in crotcheting.

• A. Chain stitch
• B. Slip stitch
• C. Belt stitchCorrect
• D. Double crotchet

Explanation

Belt stitch is not a crochet stitch.

Cultural and Creative Arts 2022 Objective — Question 56

One of the following below is a good example of Rhythmic line.

• A. Vertical line
• B. Spiral lineCorrect
• C. Diagonal line
• D. Horizontal line

Explanation

A spiral line gives rhythm.

Cultural and Creative Arts 2022 Objective — Question 57

The use of dance instead of action to present a drama is called ......

• A. dramatic dance
• B. dance dramaCorrect
• C. display drama
• D. puse dance

Explanation

Dance drama.

Cultural and Creative Arts 2022 Objective — Question 58

Another name given to first firing of ceramics ware is called ......

• A. glaze firing
• B. grog firing
• C. biscuit firingCorrect
• D. open firing

Explanation

Biscuit firing.

Cultural and Creative Arts 2022 Objective — Question 59

The movement of body in time and space is known as ....

• A. danceCorrect
• B. dramatic
• C. choreography
• D. comic

Explanation

Dance.

Cultural and Creative Arts 2022 Objective — Question 60

Dancers communicate to their audience through ......

• A. eye contact
• B. drumming
• C. sequence
• D. body movementCorrect

Explanation

Body movement.

Cultural and Creative Arts 2022 Objective — Question 61

The person leads the choir in the rendition of song is called .....

• A. arranger
• B. sequencer
• C. conductorCorrect
• D. leader

Explanation

The conductor.

Cultural and Creative Arts 2022 Objective — Question 62

A dancer can work in any of these except .....

• A. school
• B. sports
• C. law firmCorrect
• D. hospital

Explanation

Law firm.

Cultural and Creative Arts 2022 Objective — Question 63

In drama, the word spectacle means ......

• A. interesting part of a drama
• B. everything that is seen or hear on stageCorrect
• C. interlude
• D. spectators

Explanation

Spectacle is everything seen or heard on stage.

Cultural and Creative Arts 2022 Objective — Question 64

Beauty is another word given to ...... as an art concept.

• A. feeling
• B. reality
• C. aestheticCorrect
• D. handsome

Explanation

Aesthetics.

Cultural and Creative Arts 2022 Objective — Question 65

Another name given to colour as an art concept of is .....

• A. hueCorrect
• B. hate
• C. tone
• D. blurring

Explanation

Hue.

Cultural and Creative Arts 2022 Objective — Question 66

Transported clay is described as ......

• A. carrying of clay to another place
• B. imported clay
• C. clay transported from the site of formation to another siteCorrect
• D. hard clay

Explanation

Transported clay is moved from where it formed.

Cultural and Creative Arts 2022 Objective — Question 67

Angular perspective has .......

• A. one vanishing point
• B. no vanishing point
• C. three vanishing points
• D. two vanishing pointsCorrect

Explanation

Angular (two-point) perspective has two vanishing points.

Cultural and Creative Arts 2022 Objective — Question 68

Calabash as a craft medium is derived from .....

• A. a ripe fruits of gourd plantCorrect
• B. clay wares of any colour
• C. soft wood
• D. iron

Explanation

Gourd fruit.

Cultural and Creative Arts 2022 Objective — Question 69

..... pioneered the establishment of museum in Nigeria.

• A. Ulli Bier
• B. Father Kelvin Carol
• C. Kenneth MurrayCorrect
• D. Michael Cadew

Explanation

Kenneth Murray.

Cultural and Creative Arts 2022 Objective — Question 70

The role of a clown in a play is to make the audience .....

• A. cry
• B. sad
• C. reflect
• D. laughCorrect

Explanation

Laugh.

Cultural and Creative Arts 2022 Objective — Question 71

In the colour scheme above, orange is represented by ......

• A. 2Correct
• B. 1
• C. 3
• D. 5

Explanation

Orange = red + yellow = region 2.

Cultural and Creative Arts 2022 Objective — Question 72

Purple is represented by ......

• A. 4
• B. 3
• C. 1
• D. 5Correct

Explanation

Purple = red + blue = region 5.

Cultural and Creative Arts 2022 Objective — Question 73

Green is represented by ......

• A. 5
• B. 4Correct
• C. 3
• D. 1

Explanation

Green = yellow + blue = region 4.

Cultural and Creative Arts 2022 Objective — Question 74

A group of objects drawn by an artist must illustrate ......

• A. rhythm and balanceCorrect
• B. mixture
• C. lines and sound
• D. sound and rhythm

Explanation

Rhythm and balance.

Cultural and Creative Arts 2022 Objective — Question 75

Identify the odd one among the following

• A. Linseed oil
• B. Poster colour
• C. Throwing wheelCorrect
• D. Pallete knife

Explanation

The throwing wheel is a pottery tool; the rest are painting materials.

Cultural and Creative Arts 2022 Objective — Question 76

Which of the following factors best determine the type of craft practiced in a particular area?

• A. The economic need of the country
• B. Availability of the raw materials needed for the skillCorrect
• C. Nearness to the city
• D. Individual interest and skill

Explanation

Raw material availability.

Cultural and Creative Arts 2022 Objective — Question 77

Distinguish a work of art among these set.

• A. Drawing, painting and designCorrect
• B. Carving, drawing and moulding
• C. Cashing, moulding and carving
• D. Textile and drawing

Explanation

Drawing, painting and design are all art works.

Cultural and Creative Arts 2022 Objective — Question 78

The amount of pressure on a pencil when drawing or shading will produce ......

• A. the quality of the pencil
• B. the colour of the pencil
• C. a very dark effectCorrect
• D. the smoothness of the pencil

Explanation

Heavy pressure gives dark tone.

Cultural and Creative Arts 2022 Objective — Question 79

A drawing which a human being poses for an artist to draw is called ...... drawing.

• A. posing
• B. nature
• C. still life
• D. lifeCorrect

Explanation

Life drawing.

Cultural and Creative Arts 2022 Objective — Question 80

Identify an abstract art among the following.

• A. Sill-life drawing
• B. Non-figurative drawingCorrect
• C. Drawing from nature
• D. None of the above

Explanation

Non-figurative art is abstract.

Cultural and Creative Arts 2022 Objective — Question 81

Those who specialise in the plastic or visual elements of art are called artist, while those who entertain people with music and drama are categorized as

• A. artistesCorrect
• B. entertainers
• C. artists
• D. entertainer

Explanation

Performing artists are artistes.

Cultural and Creative Arts 2022 Objective — Question 82

Improvisation of colours can be realized from .....

• A. cotton seed and feather
• B. leaves and stick
• C. ashes and water
• D. roots flowers and leavesCorrect

Explanation

Natural dyes come from roots, flowers and leaves.

Cultural and Creative Arts 2022 Objective — Question 83

Using dance in an hospital is ......

• A. educative
• B. informative
• C. therapeuticCorrect
• D. entertaining

Explanation

Therapeutic.

Cultural and Creative Arts 2022 Objective — Question 84

The oldest art civilization in Nigeria is ......

• A. Benin
• B. NokCorrect
• C. Ife
• D. Esie

Explanation

Nok.

Cultural and Creative Arts 2022 Objective — Question 85

In playing the scale on a musical instrument the performer plays the notes ......

• A. step by stepCorrect
• B. in harmony
• C. together
• D. at once

Explanation

A scale is played step by step.

Cultural and Creative Arts 2022 Objective — Question 86

How many part of choir is available?

• A. 4 partsCorrect
• B. 2 parts
• C. 3 parts
• D. 5 parts

Explanation

Soprano, alto, tenor, bass.

Cultural and Creative Arts 2022 Objective — Question 87

The famous Nigeria sculptor who created "Sango", bronze statue placed in front of NEPA building along Marina, Lagos is ......

• A. Ben EnwonwuCorrect
• B. Felix Idubor
• C. Dele Jegede
• D. Erhabor Emokpae

Explanation

Ben Enwonwu.

Cultural and Creative Arts 2022 Objective — Question 88

An artwork having length and breadth is interpreted as ......

• A. sculptural in round art
• B. ceramic art
• C. mural art
• D. area artCorrect

Explanation

Two-dimensional area art.

Cultural and Creative Arts 2022 Objective — Question 89

The materials used by actors and actresses are known as ......

• A. camouflage
• B. mask
• C. dresses
• D. costumeCorrect

Explanation

Costume.

Cultural and Creative Arts 2022 Objective — Question 90

Which of the following products cannot be made from cane?

• A. Shoe rack
• B. CanoeCorrect
• C. Bed
• D. Chair

Explanation

A canoe is not made from cane.

Cultural and Creative Arts 2022 Objective — Question 91

The basics of graphic design is a simple, legible lettering. ..... and ..... are two types of lettering style.

• A. pleating, san serif
• B. san serif, knitting
• C. serif, san serifCorrect
• D. serif, knitting

Explanation

Serif and sans serif.

Cultural and Creative Arts 2022 Objective — Question 92

Match: Brush - Paint, Palette - ???, Sponge - Clay, Fixative - ???

• A. Gouache, POP
• B. Colour, charcoalCorrect
• C. Ceramic, charcoal
• D. POP, Ceramic

Explanation

Palette holds colour; fixative is used on charcoal drawings.

Cultural and Creative Arts 2022 Objective — Question 93

A figure drawing is a drawing of the human form in any of its shapes and postures. The drawing media needed for figure are ......

• A. spatula, chalk pastel, charcoal, pen and ink
• B. pen and ink, chalk pastel, charcoal, crayonCorrect
• C. crayon, pen and ink, spatula, charcoal
• D. charcoal, crayon, spatula, pen and ink, pastel

Explanation

Drawing media: pen and ink, chalk pastel, charcoal, crayon (a spatula is for painting).

Cultural and Creative Arts 2022 Objective — Question 94

One of the following art materials is made permanent through the use of fixative.

• A. Oil pastel
• B. Chalk pastelCorrect
• C. Gold pastel
• D. Acrylic pastel

Explanation

Chalk pastel smudges, so it is fixed.

Cultural and Creative Arts 2022 Objective — Question 95

Overlapping lines in art is used in given ..... to an object drawn so that it will not ..... on the surface.

• A. solidity and floatCorrect
• B. sketch, leak
• C. live, hang
• D. live, shake

Explanation

Overlapping gives solidity so objects do not float.

Cultural and Creative Arts 2022 Objective — Question 96

When a tie-dye cloth is removed from dye-bath and allow for some second in the open air before the actual rinsing and untied is called .....

• A. air freshener
• B. setting
• C. fixing
• D. oxidationCorrect

Explanation

Oxidation of the dye in air.

Cultural and Creative Arts 2022 Objective — Question 97

The following is the order of painting surface/grounds

• A. background, middle ground and foregroundCorrect
• B. foreground, middle ground and background
• C. middle ground, foreground and background
• D. background, foreground and middle ground

Explanation

Background, middle ground, foreground.

Cultural and Creative Arts 2022 Objective — Question 98

One of the following is a good example of time signature in music.

• A. Simple time and compound timeCorrect
• B. Hard time and Ash time
• C. First time and second time
• D. Action time and value time

Explanation

Simple and compound time.

Cultural and Creative Arts 2022 Objective — Question 99

Another name for the rest which is usually observed during a drama presentation is called

• A. interludeCorrect
• B. episode
• C. intermittent
• D. middle point

Explanation

An interlude.

Cultural and Creative Arts 2022 Objective — Question 100

In the process of decorating fabric with wax, when you are removing the wax, the process is called ....

• A. wax washing
• B. wax changing
• C. dewaxCorrect
• D. wax rising

Explanation

Dewaxing.