WAEC Civic Education 2016 Theory Past Questions

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(a) Contentment can be defined as a state of being happy and satisfied with whatever one has. Four significance of contentment in the Nigerian society: i. Encouragement of active popular participation in the political process of the society. ii. Periodic and regular payment of taxes and duties. iii. Obedience to the law and exercise of political rights dutifully. iv. Promotion of moral and national value that encourage unity and oneness. v. Rendering of selfless behaviour for national security. (Any four) (b) Negative effects of lack of contentment on the society: i. It leads to corruption as people seek to acquire more than they have through illegitimate means. ii. It leads to social vices such as stealing, fraud and deception. iii. It creates dissatisfaction and unrest in the society.

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Five nationalistic roles expected of individuals in the society: i. Payment of taxes promptly. ii. Obeying the laws of the land. iii. Participating actively in nation-building activities. iv. Protecting government/public property. v. Promoting unity and peaceful co-existence among different ethnic/religious groups. (Explanations to be given for each role in a full answer.)

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(a) National consciousness can be defined as "the emotional ability of individual citizens of a nation to form opinion and have awareness of what is happening in their nation to ensure national integrity and ideas and opinions toward national integrity, identity and unity. National consciousness is a state of being awake and able to understand what's going on in a nation and various political, social and economic systems and activities that occur in the country as they affect individual and group's life. High level of national consciousness engenders high degree of love, honesty and transparency because every citizen will understand and maintain peaceful co-existence with one another. (b) Ways of promoting national consciousness: i. Establishment of unity school. ii. Establishment of National Youth Service Corps (NYSC). iii. Promotion of inter-tribal/ethnic marriage. iv. Adherence to the principle of hospitality.

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(a) Youth empowerment is the process of making young people gain the ability, authority, and the energy to make decision and implement changes in their own lives and lives of other people. Youth empowerment is a gateway to self-sufficiency or self-employment and self-reliance by the youths in the society. (b) Three youth empowerment skills: i. Life coping skill ii. Manipulation skill iii. Intellectual skill iv. Communicative skill v. Artistic skill (Any three) (c) Three efforts of government towards youth empowerment: i. Establishment of empowerment organization like Nigeria LNG Youth Empowerment Scheme (YES) ii. Establishment of N-power under Buhari Administration iii. Incorporation of skills acquisition programme/scheme under Jonathan regime like SURE-P

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(a) Four preventive measures for HIV/AIDS: i. Avoiding unprotected or indiscriminate sexual contact or relationship. ii. Always ensure the use of a condom if one must have casual sex relationship, however, the use of a condom is not 100% assurance. iii. Avoiding sharing sharp objects with other people as these might have been contaminated with virus. Sharp objects like razor blade, clipper, syringe etc. iv. Thorough and careful screening of blood before transmission. (b) Three ways by which HIV/AIDS can be managed: i. People living with HIV/AIDS should be loved like other member of the society. ii. Proper campaign and encouragement of sex education in schools. iii. Eating balanced diet and adequate taking of recommended drugs by doctors or physicians.

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(a) Two functions of the National Drug Law Enforcement Agency (NDLEA): i. Elimination and eradication of illicit cultivation of hard, harmful and narcotic plants as well as psychotropic substances with a view to preventing human suffering. ii. The facilitation of rapid exchange of scientific and technical information and conducting of research geared towards eradication at illicit use of narcotic drugs. (b) Three functions of the National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC): i. Regulation and control of the importation, exportation of drug, food, cosmetics, chemicals, medical devices and prepackaged water. ii. Undertaking of appropriate investigation into the production premises and raw materials for food, drugs, cosmetics, chemicals, and establish a relevant quality assurance system. iii. Regulation and prevention of the advertisement of fake drugs and substandard foods and drugs.

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(a) Three features of the 1999 constitution of Nigeria: i. It is a federal constitution. ii. The constitution is rigid in nature. iii. The constitution introduces bicameral legislature at the federal level while unicameral legislature is introduced at the state level. (b) Significance of 1999 constitution of Nigeria: i. The fundamental human rights of citizens are clearly spelt out. ii. It makes room for the principle of separation of power. iii. It engenders oneness, unity and integration of the country. iv. It serves as the link between the British and all British colonies. (Additional significance)

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(a) Representative democracy can be defined as a form of government where people run the government or exercise political power though their elected representatives. Representative democracy is otherwise known as indirect democracy. Representative democracy in other words, is defined as a government of elected representatives of the people. Those elected, through organized elections, rule on behalf of the people and with every assurance that their interests will be enhanced and protected. (b) Reasons Nigeria adopts representative democracy: i. The practice of multi-party system makes Nigeria to adopt because it allows for wider, equitable and proportional representations. ii. Protection and safeguarding the fundamental human rights of the citizens. iii. Independent and impartial judiciary is also a reason which ensures proper interpretation of law and separation of powers. (c) Factors that retard the growth of democracy in Nigeria: i. Electoral malpractice: Electoral malpractices are in different forms which include snatching of ballot boxes, gerrymandering, rigging and manipulation of election results. This often denies the choice of electorate in Nigeria. ii. Corruption: The prevalence of corrupt practices among the public office holders who may want to acquire power by all means also retards or hinders the growth of democracy in Nigeria. iii. Illiteracy and ignorance: Low level of illiteracy, proper political education and ignorance and inability of many voters to reward and write also leads to the problems of democracy in Nigeria.

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(a) The importance of public service in Nigeria: i. Public service helps in formulating the policies of the government. ii. Public service also assists in the implementation of government policies. iii. Preparation of budget which deals with government's yearly statement of expected income and expenditure is also performed by the public service. iv. Public service also advises the government on issues concerning the country. (b) Ways public service can be improved: i. Introduction of fresher courses and training programme, home and abroad for public servants on the various skills they need to improve on their jobs can help improve public service. ii. Establishment and introduction of political education into school curriculum such as symposia, lectures, subject like civic and government. It further strengthens and improves the public service. iii. Government should also embark on establishment of some disciplinary rules, regulations and codes of conduct which will moderate the affairs of public service.