WAEC Civic Education 2021 Theory Past Questions

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(a) Values are accepted word principles, ideas, beliefs and standard code of behavior which the society upholds and passes from one generation to another. (b) Reasons why integrity is the foundation of any functional society: i. Integrity gives room for good character formation. ii. It brings about hard work and commitment to work. iii. People of integrity serve as role models to young ones. iv. It brings honour/positive image to individuals and the society at large. v. It makes one confident and trustworthy. vi. It eradicates corruption in the society. vii. It brings about communal development. viii. It brings about professionalism and eradicates mediocrity.

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(a) The seven core freedoms in the UDHR Charter: i. Right to life, liberty and dignity of human person. ii. Freedom from discrimination by gender, race, ethnicity, national origin or religion. iii. Right to freedom of movement and to choose a residence within the borders of each State. iv. Right as freedom from forced labour, slavery and servitude. v. Right to freedom of association and peaceful assembly. vi. Right to freedom of expression, thought, conscience or religion. vii. Right to freedom of belief, opinion and expression. (b) Ways individuals and groups contribute to upholding UDHR's vision: i. Individuals and groups should always make efforts at recognizing their rights from time to time. ii. Individuals, groups and corporate organizations should give financial assistance/legal aid to those denied their rights. iii. They should respect the rights of other citizens. iv. They should make efforts to know how their rights can be exercised without infringing on other people's rights.

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(a) Reasons road accidents are consequences of human negligence: i. Over speeding — driving above the recommended speed. ii. Overloading of passengers in a vehicle. iii. Poor road network — bad roads are major causes. iv. Disobedience to traffic signs — drivers ignore traffic signs. v. Disobedience to the orders of traffic officials. (Also: poor maintenance of vehicles, tiredness/night driving, drunkenness/drug influence, illiteracy about road signs, avoiding safety gears, distractions like phone calls, licensing of unqualified drivers.) (b) Explicit roles of government in mandating traffic regulation: i. Provision of good roads in good and motorable condition. ii. Provision and erection of traffic lights at junctions to prevent accidents. iii. Enactment and enforcement of traffic laws with strict punishment for offenders. iv. Periodic inspection of vehicles on the road by traffic wardens. v. Establishment, equipping and training of traffic enforcement agencies.

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(a) A secret cult group is a group whose activities are carried out with secrecy of operations in the society, whose activities are violent and extreme in nature. (b) Ways Civic Education helps eradicate cultism: i. Through awareness on the dangers of cultism. ii. Through the indoctrination of right attitudes and values to students. iii. By encouraging youths/students to be good citizens of the country. iv. By assisting students to reject being lured into cultism. (Also: exposing the activities of cult groups, encouraging research into cultism, teaching students their rights and responsibilities, encouraging students to form/join anti-cultism groups.)

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(a) Physical manifestations of HIV/AIDS: i. Weight loss. ii. Skin rashes. iii. Frequent fever/headache. iv. Dry cough/tuberculosis. v. Mouth and genital sores/bleeding. (Also: chronic diarrhoea/dehydration, swollen lymph nodes, profuse night sweating, aching muscles/joints.) (b) Socio-economic effects of HIV/AIDS on the carrier: i. Death. ii. Depression/low self-esteem. iii. Increased level of poverty. iv. Increased dependency on family and society. v. It leads to broken homes. (Also: stigmatization/discrimination, isolation/withdrawal, job loss.)

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(a) Youth empowerment is a developmental programme which enables youths to acquire skills, knowledge, attitude and values that will make them morally responsible, financially independent and self-reliant in order to contribute positively to society. (b) Youth empowerment skills: i. Communication skills. ii. Artistic skills. iii. Goal setting skills. iv. Self-esteem/motivational skills. v. Manipulative skills. vi. Life coping skills. (Also: intellectual skills, vocational/entrepreneurial skills, leadership skills, negotiation skills.)

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(a) i. Independent Judiciary – the absolute freedom of the judiciary to administer justice without interference from any external body such as executive, legislature or civil societies. ii. The military – the Army, Air-force and Navy are empowered by the constitution to protect/defend the territorial integrity of a democratic state against internal insurrection and external aggression. iii. Political parties – organized groups of people who share the same political opinion, interest and beliefs with the aim of contesting elections to gain political power and sustain the interest of the masses in a democratic state. (b) Reasons competition for political power is fierce: i. High premium/lucrative nature of politics in Nigeria. ii. It is a zero-sum game where the winner takes all. iii. Politicians use politics as security and means of survival instead of service.

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(a) Modern mode of popular participation refers to the contemporary way of citizens' engagement in governmental decision making processes, expression of views and election of their representatives in a democratic state. (b) Ways popular participation facilitates development: i. By promoting political awareness and education. ii. By fostering political stability. iii. By promoting self-fulfillment and satisfaction of citizens. iv. By enhancing responsive and responsible government/accountability. v. By promoting popular consciousness. vi. By enhancing confidence of the people to hold government accountable.

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(a) Components of the public service in Nigeria: i. Administrative class/cadre – advice ministers on policy matters. ii. Executive class/cadre – responsible for implementation of government policies. iii. Professional/technical class/cadre – offer professional/technical advice on technical matters. iv. Clerical class/cadre – carry out clerical duties in the ministry. v. Auxiliary/manipulative class/cadre – comprises carpenters, cleaners etc. (b) Reasons for ineffectiveness and inefficiency of public servants: i. Bribery and corruption. ii. Poor/negative attitude to work. iii. Political interference/politicization of the public service. iv. Red-tapism/bureaucratic bottleneck. v. Over-staffing/redundancy. (Also: poor condition of service, nepotism/tribalism/favouritism, inconsistency of government policies, poor remuneration, poor maintenance culture.)