WAEC Civic Education 2022 Theory Past Questions

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(a) Human rights refer to those inalienable/natural rights, privileges and freedoms enjoyed by all human beings regardless of nationality, gender, language, religion or any other factors, which are usually entrenched in the constitution of a state and safeguarded by international laws. (b) Conditions for human rights violation in Nigeria: - Declaration of state of emergency - Imposition of curfew - Conviction by court(s) of law/imprisonment - Outbreak of contagious diseases (c) Reasons for entrenching citizens' rights in the Nigerian constitution: - To ensure preservation/protection of Human Rights - To protect lives and properties of the citizens/guarantee law and order - To prevent arbitrariness/dictatorship/injustice

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(a) Qualities of a responsible parent: - Self discipline - Ability to lead family in a right way - Love and care - Tolerance/endurance - Relevant knowledge of family planning and improved standard of living (b) Roles of responsible parenting in the upbringing of good citizens: - Teaching children/wards moral and religious values/socialization - Supporting children to gain sound and qualitative education - Training children to be law-abiding citizens - Instilling discipline in children/wards within the family unit - Inculcating lofty virtues such as honesty, tolerance, hard work, co-operation, etc. in children/wards

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(a) Reasons for the difficulty in maintaining low rate of accidents on Nigerian roads: - Over speeding - Over loading - Poor road network/infrastructure e.g. narrow, dusty and rough roads - Disobedience to traffic regulations/signs - Poor maintenance/bad conditions of vehicles/unworthy road vehicles (b) Measures adopted by the Nigerian government to reduce the rate of accidents: - Provision of good roads/rehabilitation of roads - Provision and erection of traffic lights - Enactment and enforcement of traffic laws - Periodic inspection of vehicles on the roads - Establishing and equipping traffic enforcement agencies e.g. FRSC, VIO, etc.

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(a) Negative consequences of cultism on its members: - Untimely death - Social stigmatization/bad image or loss of reputation - Truancy - Poor academic performance/unfulfilled educational ambitions - Lying, theft and other unethical behaviour (b) Ways responsible parenting can assist in reducing high rate of cultism: - By providing sound and qualitative education to children/wards - Good home training/instilling discipline/sense of decency in children/wards - Discouraging unnecessary relationship/association with bad company - Educating children/wards about the dangers of being involved in cult activities - Provision of basic needs of children/wards

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(a) Reasons those who tested positive to HIV/AIDS are discriminated against: - HIV/AIDS is a life-threatening disease - Fear of being infected - Fear of death - Myths/misconceptions about HIV/AIDS transmission - Lack of understanding of HIV/AIDS (b) Ways contraction of HIV/AIDS impacts the socio-economic life of the victim: - Untimely death - Depression or low self-esteem - Increased level of poverty - Increased dependency on family and society - It leads to broken homes/marriage and family destabilization

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(a) Empowerment skills required for self-reliance of youths: - Life coping skills - Manipulative skills - Intellectual/cognitive skills - Creative/artistic skills - Communication skills (also: interpersonal/human relations skills; vocational/entrepreneurial skills; leadership/organizational skills; decision-making skills; motivational/self-actualization skills) (b) Reasons for the establishment of NYSC in Nigeria: - To promote unity in diversity and national integration among Nigerian youths - To inculcate discipline in Nigerian youths by instilling in them a tradition of industry at work - To give Nigerian youths the opportunity to learn about higher ideals/goals of national achievement, social and cultural advancement of the country - To instill positive mental attitudes in Nigerian youths through shared experiences and appropriate training - To encourage Nigerian youths to build self-employment skills in order to help them become self-reliant

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(a) A political party is an organized group of individuals who share similar political ideology and aims at contesting and winning elections in order to gain political power and occupy public offices in a democratic state. (b) Ways of enhancing the credibility of democratic elections in Nigeria: - Ensuring the independence and non-partisanship of Electoral Commissions at all levels - Fair delineation of electoral constituencies - Registration/compilation of credible voters' register - Public display of voters' lists - Adequate security of electoral personnel, materials and voters - Enforcement of secrecy of votes during voting and counting of votes

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(a) Forms of civil society: (i) Pro-democracy groups — collections of people advocating for human rights of individuals as well as the establishment and promotion of democratic principles in organizations e.g. Campaign for Democracy (CD), Civil Liberties Organization (CLO), Committee for the Defence of Human Rights (CDHR), etc. (ii) Labour groups — made up of workers who are members of labour unions by influencing public and corporate policies on issues that bother on workers' salaries, welfare and conditions of service e.g. Nigerian Labour Congress (NLC), Trade Union Congress (TUC), etc. (iii) Professional groups — professional bodies with common interest aimed at regulating the work ethics of their members and influencing government policies that will promote career advancement, e.g. Nigerian Union of Teachers (NUT), Association of National Accountants of Nigeria (ANAN), Institute of Chartered Accountants of Nigeria (ICAN), etc. (iv) Religious groups — religious organizations that promote the faith of members and fight for their religious welfare as well as ensuring peaceful co-existence among Nigerians, e.g. Christian Association of Nigeria (CAN), Supreme Council for Islamic Affairs (SCIC), etc. (v) Student groups — advocacy platforms for students to advocate for improved students' welfare, social justice, good governance and a better funded educational system e.g. National Association of Nigerian Students (NANS). (vi) Gender-based groups — groups of Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) committed to promoting gender equity, equal opportunities and human rights for all e.g. Women's Rights Advancement and Protection Action (WRAPA), Diaspora African Women's Network (DAWN), Moremi Institute (MI), etc. (vii) Human rights groups — collection of individuals and organizations dedicated to human rights advocacy and protection of rights of individuals e.g. Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, Civil Liberty Organization (CLO), Committee for the Defence of Human Rights (CDHR), etc. (b) Ways the constitutional roles of the executive arm of government promote democracy: - Ensuring democratic principles and values in the society - Maintenance/enforcement of law and order - Protection of lives and properties of citizens in the state - Strengthening and encouraging the existence of democratic institutions e.g. electoral bodies, political parties, pressure groups, civil societies, etc. - Respecting/guaranteeing fundamental human rights of citizens - Initiating and drafting budget for good governance - Giving assent/signing of bills into law - Declaring state of emergency - Policy formulation - Collection of revenue/tax/levies, etc. that can be used for implementation of the dividends of democracy 9(a) The executive arm of government in Nigeria is the organ that is constitutionally charged with the responsibility of formulating policies and implementing laws of government. It consists of the President, Governors, Local Government Chairmen, Ministers, Local Government Commissioners, Ministry Supervisors, Civil/Public Service, Armed Forces, Police, etc. (b) Effective measures to checkmate desperate politicians from winning elections at all costs: - Prompt and transparent voting and counting of votes - Strict enforcement of electoral laws and guidelines - Free, fair and non-partisan press/media reporting - Voter education/sensitization about the dangers of electoral malpractice - Existence of independent and non-partisan Election Tribunals/Courts for election petitions - Adequate funding of electoral bodies