WAEC Civic Education 2023 Theory Past Questions

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1. Honesty 2. Integrity 3. Contentment 4. Truthfulness 5. Justice (Other acceptable: probity; fair play/fairness; godliness; courage; loyalty.)

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1. By enabling citizens to know their rights, duties and obligations. 2. By equipping citizens with relevant skills and knowledge to effectively participate in governance. 3. By producing responsible, well-informed and self-reliant youths. 4. By enabling citizens to develop positive attitudes and values needed to function as relevant members of society. 5. By helping citizens understand common problems associated with emerging issues such as HIV/AIDS, drug abuse and cultism, and how to solve them. (Other acceptable: by providing opportunities to absorb and practise the basic norms of democratic culture; by increasing understanding of politics and governance; by creating awareness on national/current issues.)

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1. Popular support 2. Reliable leadership/good leadership qualities 3. Periodic free, fair and credible elections (Other acceptable: international recognition; popular participation.)

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1. Good/right leadership 2. Good governance/effective service delivery 3. Adherence to the rule of law/due process/constitution 4. Respect and protection of citizens' rights in society 5. Administration of fair play/equity/justice in society 6. Public enlightenment on the importance of obedience to law and order (Other acceptable: inculcation of moral and religious values; legitimacy of the constituted authority; equitable distribution of the dividends of democracy; fear of sanctions/punishment.)

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Inter-communal relationship is an act/process/mode of interaction between two or more communities for the promotion of peaceful co-existence, interaction and other related benefits.

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1. By enhancing the economy of the communities. 2. By promoting friendly relations among communities. 3. By promoting peaceful co-existence. 4. By encouraging cross-fertilization of cultural ideas, arts and artifacts. (Other acceptable: by promoting sharing of skills and technical know-how; by enhancing mutual understanding/cooperation; by assisting one another in time of need; by promoting fairness and love/hospitality among communities.)

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1. Nigeria Police 2. National Drug Law Enforcement Agency (NDLEA) 3. National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC) (Other acceptable: Nigeria Security and Civil Defence Corps (NSCDC); Nigeria Customs Service (NCS).)

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1. Untimely death 2. Deformities/disability 3. Worsening health condition 4. Mood swing 5. Increased cost of treatment for the patient/family 6. Psychological trauma/emotional burden (Other acceptable: rising economic burden/cost implication to society; increased dependency on society.)

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1. Through transfusion of HIV-infected blood to a non-infected person/transfusion of unscreened blood. 2. Through unprotected sex with an HIV/AIDS-infected person. 3. Through the sharing of syringes, needles or other sharp/cutting objects between an infected and a non-infected person. (Other acceptable: mother-to-child transmission during pregnancy/delivery/breastfeeding; kissing an infected person with mouth sores/wounds.)

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1. Stigmatization of people living with HIV/AIDS, causing avoidance of testing/detection. 2. Concealment of identity by people living with HIV/AIDS after learning their status. 3. High incidence of drug addiction in society, which increases risky behaviour. (Other acceptable: problem of human trafficking/forced prostitution and sex slavery; unprotected sex/prostitution; cult initiation practices/blood covenants; ill-equipped medical facilities; poverty leading to promiscuity for economic survival; illiteracy/ignorance.)

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1. Promotion of violence in society. 2. Breakdown of law and order/insecurity. 3. Disruption of academic activities/calendar. 4. Proliferation of arms in society. 5. Moral decadence/promotion of negative values or value disorientation. 6. Increase in crime rate, e.g. armed robbery, rape, kidnapping. (Other acceptable: increase in drug abuse and trafficking; spread of HIV/AIDS and other STDs; spiritual/mental problems among those involved; rustication/expulsion from school or drop-out.)

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1. Corruption. 2. General economic hardship/poverty in society. 3. Irresponsible parenting/child upbringing. (Other acceptable: negative peer influence; involvement of some parents/guardians in cult activities; exposure to negative media influence, e.g. violent/crime-related films; strong commitment to oath of membership by cultists; ignorance of parents/guardians and school administrators; support from some influential people/god-fatherism; ineffective/non-implementation of sanctions against cultists.)

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1. Provision of technical/expert advice to government. 2. Preparation and implementation of budgets. 3. Serves as an intermediary between government and the people, disseminating information about government activities. 4. Contributes to the law-making process. 5. Provision of social/essential services to the public at cheaper/subsidised rates. (Other acceptable: generation of taxes/revenue for government; provision of employment opportunities; collection and supply of vital information/data on government policies and programmes; keeping government records; representing government at meetings and conferences.)

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1. Snatching of ballot boxes/papers. 2. Over-voting/rigging of elections. 3. Self-declaration as winner. 4. Buying of votes/voters' cards. 5. Bribing of electoral officials to falsify results. (Other acceptable: use of thugs to drive away voters likely to vote for opponents; manipulation of electoral constituencies/gerrymandering; blackmailing/intimidation of opponents; threatening electoral officials; voter suppression and intimidation.)

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1. Ensuring the absolute independence of the electoral body. 2. Appointing people of impeccable integrity as electoral officials. 3. Providing adequate security before, during and after elections. 4. Ensuring transparency in voting and counting of votes. 5. Voter education/sensitisation of citizens about the dangers of electoral malpractice. (Other acceptable: ensuring free, fair and non-partisan press/reporting; enforcement of electoral laws and guidelines; existence of independent and non-partisan Election Tribunals and Courts for election petitions; adequate funding of the electoral body; prompt announcement of election results.)

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The executive arm of government in Nigeria is the organ constitutionally charged with the responsibility of formulating policies and implementing the laws of government. It consists of the President, Governors, Local Government Chairmen, Ministers, Commissioners, Local Government Supervisors, and civil/public service, the Armed Forces and the Police.

Model answer

1. Ensuring democratic principles and values in society. 2. Maintenance/enforcement of law and order in society. 3. Protection of the lives and properties of citizens in the state. 4. Strengthening and encouraging the existence of democratic institutions, e.g. electoral bodies, political parties, pressure groups, civil societies. 5. Respecting/guaranteeing the fundamental rights of citizens. 6. Initiating and drafting the budget for good governance. (Other acceptable: giving assent to/signing bills into law; declaring a state of emergency where necessary; policy formulation; collection of revenue/taxes/levies for implementing the dividends of democracy.)