WAEC Civic Education 2024 Theory Past Questions

Model answer

(a) Bases of Emergence of Constituted Authority: (i) Inheritance/tradition/custom; (ii) Law/legal system/constitution of the state; (iii) Charisma/unique God-given personal qualities/attributes. (b) Roles of Traditional Leaders in a Democratic Society: (i) Assisting the police and other law enforcement agencies in the prevention of crime/apprehension of offenders within their jurisdiction/area of operation. (ii) Assisting and cooperating with other organs of government (central/regional/state/local) in the execution/implementation of policies/programmes/projects. (iii) Preservation and maintenance of cultural/historical sites/works of art/literary works/historical sites/monuments/museums. (iv) Upholding the promotion/protection/preservation of the culture of the society. (v) Performing traditional functions and ceremonies. (vi) Interpreting customary laws as applicable to their traditional communities. (vii) Acting as custodians of the history and tradition of the people.

Model answer

(a) Community service refers to the voluntary involvement or participation in processes and meaning of community services activities that can add value and improve the quality of lives and living of the people in any community where citizens resides. (b) Benefits of community services: (i) Speeds up developments in the communities. (ii) Gives opportunity to individuals to serve humanity at community level. (iii) Promotes unity/national integration/consensus building. (iv) Helps in solving communal problems. (v) Cultivates leadership skills and values in citizens/enhancement of skills. (vi) Cultivates effective followership. (vii) Promotes cooperation/collaboration networking among stakeholders. (viii) Promotes effective teamwork/building among community members. (ix) Promotes effective participation among community members. (x) Minimizes conflicts/disputes/escalation of conflicts.

Model answer

(a) Road users: (i) Motorists; (ii) Pedestrians; (iii) Cyclists; (iv) Motorcyclist; (v) Tricyclists. (Any three) (b) Requirements road users must comply with to ensure safer roads: (i) Must have adequate information about the roads. (ii) Obedience to traffic rules and regulations/traffic officials. (iii) Avoiding overspeeding/reckless driving. (iv) Ensuring the availability of safety equipment in serviceable conditions in vehicles plying the roads. (v) Driving under sane condition/good health condition/not fatigued. (vi) Adequate awareness of education on traffic rules and regulations. (vii) Proper maintenance of vehicles/ensuring roadworthiness. (viii) Avoiding distraction/ensuring full concentration while on the road.

Model answer

(i) Placing/enforcement of stiff penalty for drug-related offences in schools. (ii) Exposure to drug-related education in the school system. (iii) Students should be taught moral and religious precepts and principles. (iv) Access to hard drugs should be controlled by the school authority. (v) Students should be encouraged to resist negative peer pressure. (Other acceptable points: (vi) exemplary lifestyles by members of staff should be encouraged; (vii) exposure of students to life-coping skills; (viii) general awareness/media campaigns against substance abuse should be intensified; (ix) there should be effective counselling.)

Model answer

(a) Ways HIV/AIDS can be prevented: (i) Public enlightenment and education on HIV/AIDS and its prevention. (ii) Unmarried people should abstain from unprotected sex/usage of condom. (iii) HIV/AIDS tests should be carried out to determine HIV/AIDS status. (iv) Contact with infected body fluid, such as infected blood should be avoided. (v) Infected needles and other sharp objects should be used once and disposed. (Other acceptable: pregnant women should be tested for HIV/AIDS; tested pregnant women with confirmed HIV/AIDS should avoid breast-feeding; inclusion of HIV/AIDS education in school's curriculum; adherence to HIV/AIDS preventive measures/kits by medical personnel.) (b) Symptoms usually associated with PLWHA: (i) Tuberculosis/dry cough. (ii) Memory loss/amnesia. (iii) Nausea/wage to vomit. (iv) Extreme weakness/chronic fatigue. (v) Persistent fevers/headache. (Other acceptable: swollen lymph glands/nodes in the neck, armpits or groin; chronic diarrhea/dehydration; profuse sweating at night; unexplained weight loss/emaciation; mouth, genital and anal sores.)

Model answer

(a) Agencies responsible for curtailing human trafficking in Nigeria: (i) National Agency for the Prohibition of Trafficking in Persons (NAPTIP); (ii) The Nigeria Police; (iii) Schools; (iv) Regional organizations e.g. ECOWAS etc.; (v) Religious organizations; (vi) Nigeria Custom Service; (vii) International Organizations like UNICEF. (Any three) (b) Problems associated with human trafficking in Nigeria: (i) Forced labour/child labour. (ii) Social stigmatization. (iii) Unwanted pregnancy. (iv) Trauma/depression/torture. (v) Organ harvesting. (vi) Drug abuse/drug trafficking. (vii) Forced prostitution/sexual abuse. (viii) Denial of access to education. (Any six)

Model answer

(a) Rule of law means the principle of democracy that emphasizes supremacy of law, equality before the law, observance of human rights and absence of arbitrariness in governance. (b) Conditions that can enhance adherence to the principles of rule of law in a democracy: (i) The law must be respected by all the citizens/entities/institutions/government. (ii) Laws must be adequately publicized/awareness creation. (iii) Enforcement of adequate sanctions/punishment on violators of the law. (iv) All accused persons must be given the opportunity to defend themselves in court/prosecution (exercise of right of fair hearing). (v) There must be no retrospective or retroactive application of law. (vi) Law enforcement agents must follow due process in investigation and prosecution. (vii) Members of the public must be human right conscious/vigilant. (viii) The judiciary must be free and independent of other organs of government. (ix) Freedom of the press.

Model answer

(i) Weak or inadequate intra-party democracy. (ii) Godfatherism in party politics. (iii) Poverty. (iv) Poor justice delivery system. (v) High cost of governance. (Other acceptable: infrastructure decay.)

Model answer

(i) It entrenches the fundamental human rights of the citizens. (ii) The constitution stipulates the administrative structure of the civil service and public service. (iii) The constitution states the type of party system the country will operate. (iv) It expresses the ideals and aspirations of the people or citizens/fundamental principles and objectives of the state. (v) It specifies the type, system, form etc. of government to be adopted. (Other acceptable: (vi) it defines the criteria for an individual to acquire a citizenship, their duties and obligations; (vii) it recognizes the composition of the forms/tiers/levels of government.)