WAEC Government 2022 Theory Past Questions

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Reasons for which citizens lose trust in government: i. Widespread corruption in government ii. High level of unemployment iii. High cost of living/high rate of inflation iv. State of insecurity e.g. armed robberies, kidnappings, terrorist attacks, banditry v. Widespread poverty vi. Inability to provide social services/social amenities e.g. education, roads, health vii. Extravagance/opulence on the part of government officials viii. Arrogance of power by public officers ix. Disregard for constitutionalism/Rule of Law x. Victimization of political opponents

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Five ways the electoral management body can ensure fair play in an electoral contest in Nigeria: i. It should be truly neutral in its operations ii. Stakeholders should be involved in all the electoral processes iii. It should compile credible and updated voters' register iv. Adequate provision of election materials v. Adequate training of electoral officers and assigns vi. Provision of transparent ballot boxes vii. Ensure adequate security at the polling stations viii. Undertake regular and effective voter education ix. Open counting of ballots at polling booths/units/centres x. Avoidance of gerrymandering

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Five negative impacts on a state should the judiciary fail to live up to its constitutional mandate: i. State of lawlessness and recklessness ii. Abuse of right and liberties of citizens iii. Loss of confidence in the judiciary/justice delivery system iv. Upsurge in corrupt practices v. Increase in crime rate vi. Erodes investor confidence in the state vii. The life and security of personnel of the judiciary is put at risk viii. Credibility of the judiciary suffers/it creates credibility crises for the judiciary

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Five differences between government as an institution and the state: i. A state has a permanent status; Government on the other hand is transient. It comes and goes. ii. It is a territorial association of people with defined boundaries; Government is an administrative institution of the state. iii. Membership of a state is compulsory; Membership of a government is optional. iv. A state is an abstract concept; Government and its officials are tangible. v. A state is a larger entity; Government is relatively a smaller institution within the state. vi. A state depends on the government to carry out its activities; Government is the machinery through which the functions of the state are performed. vii. The state is sovereign; Government is not sovereign. viii. States are identical in their features; Governments differ from state to state. ix. The emergence of the state has different theories; While emergence of government has one central justification. x. Every state possesses a legal status/constitution; Whereas government in power enforces the constitution. xi. A state is a fixed entity; Whereas government and its officials are not fixed.

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Five reasons for the decline in the public trust of the media in your country: i. Politicization of the media/perceived partisanship of the media ii. Marginalization of the opposition parties and members iii. Unrepresentative of minority views/opinions iv. Affiliation of the media with the ruling government v. Employment of media personalities by the government vi. Inaccurate reportage of events and developments by the media vii. Upsurge in the reportage of fake news viii. High level of unprofessional conducts by media practitioners/media houses ix. Perceived corruption of media practitioners x. Encouraging actions that are threats to national security

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Five ways in which traditional rulers controlled their subjects in pre-colonial Nigeria: i. Through their intermediary role as representatives of the gods ii. Powers to appoint and dismiss officials iii. Adjudication of laws/settlement of disputes iv. Rewards/honour v. Enforcement of customs, traditions and conventions vi. Punish law breakers/deviants in society/banishment of criminals vii. Organize and supervise communal labour viii. Imposition of levies/taxes ix. Law making functions x. Formulation and implementation of policies

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Five significant provisions of the 1989 Third Republican Constitution which deepened the democratic development of Nigeria: i. Provided for the establishment of traditional councils to promote the culture of the people ii. Reduced the age for elective positions with the aim of increase political participation iii. Recall of political office holders in the legislature to make them accountable, responsive and responsible to the people iv. Creation of federal executive bodies led to job creation and better service delivery v. Supremacy of the constitution to prevent dictatorship vi. Abuja was created as the seat of government to emphasize the federal character vii. Centralization of constitutional functions and fiscal resources viii. Entrenchment of Fundamental Human Rights to provide adequate protection for the rights of the people ix. Entrenchment of separation of powers x. Retention of the Supreme Court as the highest court of the land

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Five benefits which the adoption of federalism has brought to the political development of Nigeria: i. Governance is well-defined and made easier as spelt out in the constitution ii. Local issues receive prompt attention from the local government iii. Issues of diversities and plurality are addressed by the Constitution iv. It has offered protection to the minority groups/interest v. Citizens feel a part of the political process and system/sense of belonging vi. It ensures the protection of Nigeria against external attack vii. Agricultural issues are addressed viii. State governors have better understanding of their states, powers and functions ix. The system allows for effective checks and balances between the centre and components units x. It has encouraged local initiative

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(a) E-Government refers to the use of information and communication technology (ICT) by government to deliver public services, share information, and interact with citizens, businesses, and other arms of government electronically. (b) Five benefits which Nigeria stands to gain in adopting E-Governance: i. Enhanced transparency and accountability in government transactions ii. Reduction in bureaucracy/red-tapism in accessing government services iii. Improved efficiency and speed of service delivery iv. Reduction in corruption through reduced human interface v. Greater citizen participation and engagement in governance vi. Cost savings in government operations vii. Improved data management and record keeping

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Five compelling reasons for which Nigeria interacts with international organizations: i. To attract foreign investment and economic assistance ii. To promote and protect its national interest on the global stage iii. To benefit from technical/technological cooperation and capacity building iv. To maintain international peace and security through collective action v. To promote trade and economic cooperation with other nations vi. To access grants, loans and developmental aid vii. To enhance its diplomatic relations and influence in international affairs